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Computer Architecture 2022-23

Assessed Exercise 1

— State Machine Circuit —

Introduction

The purposes of this exercise are to learn how to design a simple synchronous

digital circuit that implements a state machine, how to specify it in a hardware

description language, and how to test it via simulation. The speciﬁcation and

simulation will use Hydra, a functional computer hardware description language.

The exercise

Design and implement

• Two circuits, as described below, which should all be in a ﬁle Traﬃ-

cLight.hs.

• A simulation driver for each circuit; both of these should be in a ﬁle named

TraﬃcLightRun.hs

• Suitable test data that demonstrates the correct functioning of each cir-

cuit, which should be included in TraﬃcLightRun.hs.

• There should be a main function in TraﬃcLightRun.hs that runs all of

your test cases.

Informal speciﬁcation of the circuit

The circuits are traﬃc light controllers. There are two versions.

Version 1

The circuit controller1 has one input, a bit called reset. This would be connected

to a pushbutton. The reset button should be pushed once to start the circuit,

and then in normal use it would never be pressed again. We model this by

deﬁning the value of the reset input bit to be 1 during the ﬁrst clock cycle, and

0 thereafter.

There are three outputs, each of which is a bit. The outputs correspond to

green, amber, and red, and they determine whether the corresponding traﬃc

light is on. At all times (after reset has been pressed and the circuit is running)

one of the three output bits should be 1, indicating that the corresponding traﬃc

light should be on, and the other two bits should be 0. The outputs should run

through a ﬁxed sequence: green, green, green, amber, red, red, red, red, amber,

and then it repeats.

Version 2

The second version, controller2, is intended for a pedestrian crossing. There

are three lights for traﬃc (green, amber, and red) and also two lights for the

pedestrian (wait and walk). There are two input bits: a reset pushbutton, and

a walkRequest which is 1 when a pedestrian presses the Walk pushbutton.

Normally the outputs indicate green/wait. However, when the walkRequest

button is pressed, the traﬃc light changes to amber, and then the traﬃc light

changes to red and the pedestrian light turns to walk for three clock cycles. Then

the system displays amber/wait and then returns to its normal state green/wait.

Furthermore, the traﬃc engineers want to know how often the walkRequest

button is pressed. To measure this, there is a 16-bit counter walkCount. When

the Reset button is pressed, the value of WalkCount is set to 0 at the next

clock tick. When the walkRequest button is pressed, walkCount should be

incremented at the next clock tick.

To summarise, the inputs are: reset (a pushbutton) and walkRequest (a

pushbutton). The outputs are: green, amber, red, wait, walk (each is 1 bit),

and walkCount (a 16-bit binary integer).

You may notice that the speciﬁcation of the problem doesn’t say what to do

in a few subtle situations. For example, what should happen if the walkRequest

button is pressed when the system is in the red/walk state? You may adopt

any reasonable policy you like for these situations. In the real world, you (the

engineer) might go back to the customer to discuss what to do. It is common

for the requirements of a project to evolve during the implementation. Actually,

that’s one of the reasons that good engineering includes making your solution

maintainable as well as correct.

The point of this exercise is to gain some experience with a simple control

circuit, and to use some of the building block circuits. The exercise as described

doesn’t account for some real world issues, which you can ignore:

• In the real world, the reset button and the walkCount display would be

hidden inside the box containing the electronics, while the walkRequest

button would be out where a pedestrian could see and press it, and the

various light outputs would control the actual light bulbs.

• In the real world the clock cycles would be too short, so each light would

be held for a larger number of clock cycles. For example, the amber phase

might last for a million cycles and green/red would be correspondingly

longer.

Work in small groups

This assessed exercise should be carried out in a small group consisting of two

to three students. Any amount of discussion and shared work within the group

is ﬁne, and the product you hand in counts fully for each member of the group.

One member of the group should submit the exercise on Moodle. As stated

below, the submission must identify all the members of the group, not just the

one who submitted it.

To get started, talk to fellow members of the course, and organise your group.

Please email the lecturer with the names and matriculation numbers of everyone

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