Hugging Face NLP课程学习记录 - 0. 安装transformers库 & 1. Transformer 模型

说明：

首次发表日期：2024-09-14
官网： https://huggingface.co/learn/nlp-course/zh-CN/chapter1
关于：阅读并记录一下，只保留重点部分，大多从原文摘录，润色一下原文

0. 安装transformers库

创建conda环境并安装包：

conda create -n hfnlp python=3.12
conda install pytorch==2.3.1 torchvision==0.18.1 torchaudio==2.3.1 pytorch-cuda=12.1 -c pytorch -c nvidia
pip install transformers==4.44.2

# More
pip install seqeval
pip install sentencepiece

使用Hugging Face镜像（见 https://hf-mirror.com/ ）：

export HF_ENDPOINT=https://hf-mirror.com

或者在python中设置Hugging Face镜像：

import os
os.environ["HF_ENDPOINT"] = "https://hf-mirror.com"

1. Transformer 模型

Transformers 能做什么？

使用pipelines

Transformers 库中最基本的对象是 pipeline() 函数。它将模型与其必要的预处理和后处理步骤连接起来，使我们能够通过直接输入任何文本并获得最终的答案：

from transformers import pipeline

classifier = pipeline("sentiment-analysis")
classifier("I've been waiting for a HuggingFace course my whole life.")

提示：

No model was supplied, defaulted to distilbert/distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-sst-2-english and revision af0f99b ....
[{'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9598047137260437}]

输出：

[{'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9598047137260437}]

输入多个句子：

classifier(
    ["I've been waiting for a HuggingFace course my whole life.", "I hate this so much!"]
)

[{'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9598047137260437},
 {'label': 'NEGATIVE', 'score': 0.9994558691978455}]

将一些文本传递到pipeline时涉及三个主要步骤：

文本被预处理为模型可以理解的格式。
预处理的输入被传递给模型。
模型处理后输出最终人类可以理解的结果。

零样本分类

from transformers import pipeline

classifier = pipeline("zero-shot-classification")
classifier(
    "This is a course about the Transformers library",
    candidate_labels=["education", "politics", "business"],
)

提示：

No model was supplied, defaulted to facebook/bart-large-mnli and revision c626438 ([https://hf-mirror.com/facebook/bart-large-mnli](https://hf-mirror.com/facebook/bart-large-mnli)).
Using a pipeline without specifying a model name and revision in production is not recommended.

输出：

{'sequence': 'This is a course about the Transformers library', 'labels': ['education', 'business', 'politics'], 'scores': [0.8445952534675598, 0.11197696626186371, 0.043427806347608566]}

此pipeline称为zero-shot，因为您不需要对数据上的模型进行微调即可使用它

文本分类

现在让我们看看如何使用pipeline来生成一些文本。这里的主要使用方法是您提供一个提示，模型将通过生成剩余的文本来自动完成整段话。

from transformers import pipeline

generator = pipeline("text-generation")
generator("In this course, we will teach you how to")

提示：

No model was supplied, defaulted to openai-community/gpt2 and revision 6c0e608 (https://hf-mirror.com/openai-community/gpt2).
Using a pipeline without specifying a model name and revision in production is not recommended.

输出：

[{'generated_text': 'In this course, we will teach you how to create a simple Python script that uses the default Python scripts for the following tasks, such as adding a linker at the end of a file to a file, editing an array, etc.\n\n'}]

在pipeline中使用 Hub 中的其他模型

前面的示例使用了默认模型，但您也可以从 Hub 中选择特定模型以在特定任务的pipeline中使用 - 例如，文本生成。转到模型中心（hub）并单击左侧的相应标签将会只显示该任务支持的模型。例如这样。

让我们试试 distilgpt2 模型吧！以下是如何在与以前相同的pipeline中加载它：

from transformers import pipeline

generator = pipeline("text-generation", model="distilgpt2")
generator(
    "In this course, we will teach you how to",
    max_length=30,
    num_return_sequences=2
)

[{'generated_text': 'In this course, we will teach you how to make your world better. Our courses focus on how to make an improvement in your life or the things'},
 {'generated_text': 'In this course, we will teach you how to properly design your own design using what is currently in place and using what is best in place. By'}]

Mask filling

您将尝试的下一个pipeline是 fill-mask。此任务的想法是填充给定文本中的空白：

from transformers import pipeline

unmasker = pipeline("fill-mask")
unmasker("This course will teach you all about <mask> models.", top_k=2)

[{'score': 0.19198445975780487,
  'token': 30412,
  'token_str': ' mathematical',
  'sequence': 'This course will teach you all about mathematical models.'},
 {'score': 0.04209190234541893,
  'token': 38163,
  'token_str': ' computational',
  'sequence': 'This course will teach you all about computational models.'}]

top_k 参数控制要显示的结果有多少种。请注意，这里模型填充了特殊的< mask >词，它通常被称为掩码标记。其他掩码填充模型可能有不同的掩码标记，因此在探索其他模型时要验证正确的掩码字是什么。

命名实体识别

命名实体识别 (NER) 是一项任务，其中模型必须找到输入文本的哪些部分对应于诸如人员、位置或组织之类的实体。让我们看一个例子：

from transformers import pipeline

ner = pipeline("ner", grouped_entities=True)
ner("My name is Sylvain and I work at Hugging Face in Brooklyn.")

No model was supplied, defaulted to dbmdz/bert-large-cased-finetuned-conll03-english ...

[{'entity_group': 'PER',
  'score': 0.9981694,
  'word': 'Sylvain',
  'start': 11,
  'end': 18},
 {'entity_group': 'ORG',
  'score': 0.9796019,
  'word': 'Hugging Face',
  'start': 33,
  'end': 45},
 {'entity_group': 'LOC',
  'score': 0.9932106,
  'word': 'Brooklyn',
  'start': 49,
  'end': 57}]

我们在pipeline创建函数中传递选项 grouped_entities=True 以告诉pipeline将对应于同一实体的句子部分重新组合在一起：这里模型正确地将“Hugging”和“Face”分组为一个组织，即使名称由多个词组成。

命名实体识别（中文）

运行来自 https://huggingface.co/shibing624/bert4ner-base-chinese README的代码

pip install seqeval

import os
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForTokenClassification
from seqeval.metrics.sequence_labeling import get_entities

os.environ["KMP_DUPLICATE_LIB_OK"] = "TRUE"

# Load model from HuggingFace Hub
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("shibing624/bert4ner-base-chinese")
model = AutoModelForTokenClassification.from_pretrained("shibing624/bert4ner-base-chinese")
label_list = ['I-ORG', 'B-LOC', 'O', 'B-ORG', 'I-LOC', 'I-PER', 'B-TIME', 'I-TIME', 'B-PER']

sentence = "王宏伟来自北京，是个警察，喜欢去王府井游玩儿。"

def get_entity(sentence):
    tokens = tokenizer.tokenize(sentence)
    inputs = tokenizer.encode(sentence, return_tensors="pt")
    with torch.no_grad():
        outputs = model(inputs).logits
    predictions = torch.argmax(outputs, dim=2)
    char_tags = [(token, label_list[prediction]) for token, prediction in zip(tokens, predictions[0].numpy())][1:-1]
    print(sentence)
    print(char_tags)

    pred_labels = [i[1] for i in char_tags]
    entities = []
    line_entities = get_entities(pred_labels)
    for i in line_entities:
        word = sentence[i[1]: i[2] + 1]
        entity_type = i[0]
        entities.append((word, entity_type))

    print("Sentence entity:")
    print(entities)


get_entity(sentence)

王宏伟来自北京，是个警察，喜欢去王府井游玩儿。
[('宏', 'B-PER'), ('伟', 'I-PER'), ('来', 'I-PER'), ('自', 'O'), ('北', 'O'), ('京', 'B-LOC'), ('，', 'I-LOC'), ('是', 'O'), ('个', 'O'), ('警', 'O'), ('察', 'O'), ('，', 'O'), ('喜', 'O'), ('欢', 'O'), ('去', 'O'), ('王', 'O'), ('府', 'B-LOC'), ('井', 'I-LOC'), ('游', 'I-LOC'), ('玩', 'O'), ('儿', 'O')]
Sentence entity:
[('王宏伟', 'PER'), ('北京', 'LOC'), ('王府井', 'LOC')]

或者通过使用nerpy库来使用 shibing624/bert4ner-base-chinese 这个模型。

另外，可以使用的ltp来做中文命名实体识别，其Github仓库 https://github.com/HIT-SCIR/ltp 有4.9K的星

问答系统

from transformers import pipeline

question_answerer = pipeline("question-answering")
question_answerer(
    question="Where do I work?",
    context="My name is Sylvain and I work at Hugging Face in Brooklyn",
)

{'score': 0.6949753761291504, 'start': 33, 'end': 45, 'answer': 'Hugging Face'}

请注意，此pipeline通过从提供的上下文中提取信息来工作；它不会凭空生成答案。

文本摘要

文本摘要是将文本缩减为较短文本的任务，同时保留文本中的主要（重要）信息。下面是一个例子：

from transformers import pipeline

summarizer = pipeline("summarization", device=0)
summarizer(
    """
    America has changed dramatically during recent years. Not only has the number of 
    graduates in traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical, civil, 
    electrical, chemical, and aeronautical engineering declined, but in most of 
    the premier American universities engineering curricula now concentrate on 
    and encourage largely the study of engineering science. As a result, there 
    are declining offerings in engineering subjects dealing with infrastructure, 
    the environment, and related issues, and greater concentration on high 
    technology subjects, largely supporting increasingly complex scientific 
    developments. While the latter is important, it should not be at the expense 
    of more traditional engineering.

    Rapidly developing economies such as China and India, as well as other 
    industrial countries in Europe and Asia, continue to encourage and advance 
    the teaching of engineering. Both China and India, respectively, graduate 
    six and eight times as many traditional engineers as does the United States. 
    Other industrial countries at minimum maintain their output, while America 
    suffers an increasingly serious decline in the number of engineering graduates 
    and a lack of well-educated engineers.
"""
)

与文本生成一样，您指定结果的 max_length 或 min_length。

翻译

对于翻译，如果您在任务名称中提供语言对（例如“translation_en_to_fr”），则可以使用默认模型，但最简单的方法是在模型中心（hub）选择要使用的模型。在这里，我们将尝试从法语翻译成英语：

pip install sentencepiece

from transformers import pipeline

translator = pipeline("translation", model="Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-fr-en", device=0)
translator("Ce cours est produit par Hugging Face.")

[{'translation_text': 'This course is produced by Hugging Face.'}]

将英语翻译成中文：

from transformers import pipeline

translator = pipeline("translation", model="Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-en-zh", device=0)
translator("America has changed dramatically during recent years.")

[{'translation_text': '近年来,美国发生了巨大变化。'}]

偏见和局限性

如果您打算在正式的项目中使用经过预训练或经过微调的模型。请注意：虽然这些模型是很强大，但它们也有局限性。其中最大的一个问题是，为了对大量数据进行预训练，研究人员通常会搜集所有他们能找到的内容，中间可能夹带一些意识形态或者价值观的刻板印象。

为了快速解释清楚这个问题，让我们回到一个使用BERT模型的pipeline的例子：

from transformers import pipeline

unmasker = pipeline("fill-mask", model="bert-base-uncased", device=0)
result = unmasker("This man works as a [MASK].")
print([r["token_str"] for r in result])

result = unmasker("This woman works as a [MASK].")
print([r["token_str"] for r in result])

['carpenter', 'lawyer', 'farmer', 'businessman', 'doctor']
['nurse', 'maid', 'teacher', 'waitress', 'prostitute']

当要求模型填写这两句话中缺少的单词时，模型给出的答案中，只有一个与性别无关（服务员/女服务员）。